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91.
A simple, inexpensive, environmentally friendly and efficient route for Michael addition of indoles to α,β-unsaturated ketones using pentafluorophenylammonium triflate (PFPAT) as a catalyst is described. Various indole derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields. The preparation of PFPAT catalyst from simple and readily available starting materials makes this method more affordable. 相似文献
92.
Reza Mahjoub Fredrik Odegaard Gregory S Zaric 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》2014,65(4):588-604
Many new drugs, such as biologics and cancer drugs, are very costly. However, their effectiveness outside of clinical trial settings is often uncertain at the time they gain market approval. This uncertainty may reflect a lack of real-world outcomes data, as opposed to clinical trials data, for a typical patient population. A risk-sharing agreement is a contract between a drug manufacturer and a healthcare payer to help manage uncertainties regarding the cost and effectiveness of those drugs. In this paper, we model a risk-sharing agreement in which a proportion of total sales is rebated. We model disease progression using a continuous time Markov chain with uncertain transition rates. We examine the performance of this risk-sharing agreement from the manufacturer’s perspective and investigate the conditions under which the manufacturer will make a profit. We illustrate with a numerical model parameterized using data from a Phase 2 clinical trial of an oncology drug that was subjected to a risk-sharing agreement in the UK. 相似文献
93.
94.
Linear continuous logic is the fragment of continuous logic obtained by restricting connectives to addition and scalar multiplications. Most results in the full continuous logic have a counterpart in this fragment. In particular a linear form of the compactness theorem holds. We prove this variant and use it to deduce some basic preservation theorems. 相似文献
95.
Ayman Ben Mabrouk Hamid Kaddami Sami Boufi Fouad Erchiqui Alain Dufresne 《Cellulose (London, England)》2012,19(3):843-853
The microstructure and chemical composition of alfa (Stipa tenacissima) were investigated. The polysaccharide and lignin contents were around 70 and 20 wt%, respectively. From the bleached and
delignified fibers, two types of nanosized cellulosic particles were extracted, namely cellulose nanocrystals and microfibrillated
cellulose (MFC). The former correspond typically to the elementary crystallite units of the cellulose fibers, with a rod-like
morphology and an aspect ratio of about 20. The latter, mechanically disintegrated from oxidized bleached fibres, presents
an entangled fibrillar structure with widths in the range 5-20 nm. The reinforcing potential of the ensuing nanoparticles
was investigated by casting a mixture of acrylic latex and aqueous dispersion of cellulose nanoparticles. Thermo-mechanical
analysis revealed a huge enhancement of the stiffness above the glass transition of the matrix. Significant differences in
the mechanical reinforcing capability of the nanoparticles were reported. 相似文献
96.
A novel methodology was implemented in the present study to concurrently control power conversion efficiency (η) and durability (D) of co-sensitized dye solar cells. Applying response surface methodology (RSM) and Desirability Function (DF), the main influential assembling (dye volume ratio and anti-aggregation agent concentration) and operational (performance temperature) parameters were systematically changed to probe their main and interactive effects on the η and D responses. Individual optimization based on RSM elucidated that D can be solely controlled by changing the ratio of vat-based organic photosensitizers, whereas η takes both effects of dye volume ratio and anti-aggregation concentration into account. Among the studied factors, the performance temperature played the most vital role in η and D regulation. In particular, however, multi-objective optimization by DF explored the degree to which one should be careful about manipulation of assembling and operational parameters in the way maximization of performance of a co-sensitized dye solar cell. 相似文献
97.
Ali Reza Kiasat Foad Kazemi Mehdi Fallah Mehr Jardi 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(9):1841-1844
A simple and efficient method for the conversion of various oxiranes to the corresponding thiiranes using thiourea under solvent free conditions is described. 相似文献
98.
Maryam Mohammadikish Fatemeh Davar Mohammad Reza Loghman-Estarki 《Journal of Cluster Science》2013,24(1):217-231
In this work, we report a facile hydrothermal method for the preparation of three dimensional hollow ZnS nanostructures, using Zinc bis(salicyle aldehitato), Zn(Sal)2, thioacetamide (TAA) and thioglycolic acid (TGA) as Zn2+, sulfur source and capping agent, respectively. The ZnS solid and hollow sphere was produced from the self-assembly of nanoparticles with diameters of 11 ± 2 nm with TGA and TGA, TAA, respectively. Furthermore, with changing zinc precursor from Zn(Sal)2 to zinc acetate [Zn(OAC)2], ZnS nanorods were obtained. The products were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, selected area electron diffraction, and FT-IR spectra. The influence of surfactant (Polyethylene glycol) on the morphology of the products was also investigated. Possible formation mechanism and optical properties of these architectures were also reported. 相似文献
99.
Hamid Reza Momenian Sousan Gholamrezaei Masoud Salavati-Niasari Behnam Pedram Farhang Mozaffar Davood Ghanbari 《Journal of Cluster Science》2013,24(4):1031-1042
In this work Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, SrCO3 and BaCO3 nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple sonochemical reaction at room temperature. Nanoparticles were synthesized via a surfactant-free reaction solvent water. Nanostructures materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The photocatalytic behavior of nanoparticles was evaluated using the degradation of a methyl orange aqueous solution under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results show that metal hydroxide and metal carbonate nanoparticles are promising materials with excellent performance in photocatalytic applications. 相似文献
100.
Mohammad Reza Islami Zahra Hassani Hassan Sheibani 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(11):2547-2554
Phthalimide or succinimide undergo a reaction with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and triphenylphosphine to produce highly-functionalized stable heterocyclic phosphorus ylides in good yields in water-tetrahydrofuran (6:1). This methodology is of interest because of the use of water as solvent, thus minimizing the cost, operational hazards, and environmental pollution. 相似文献